Herbert Spencer
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Herbert Spencer was a prominent English philosopher, biologist, and sociologist known for his contributions to social theory and his advocacy of the idea of evolution. He is often associated with the phrase "survival of the fittest," which he used to describe the process of natural selection in social contexts. Spencer's work laid the groundwork for the discipline of sociology and influenced the development of various social sciences. His major works include "The Principles of Sociology" and "The Synthetic Philosophy," where he sought to unify the various branches of knowledge under a single framework.
Spencer's ideas sparked significant debate during his lifetime and have continued to influence thinkers in numerous fields. His belief in social Darwinism-applying Darwinian concepts to societal evolution-often drew criticism. Nonetheless, his writings emphasized the importance of individual freedom and the organic development of societies. Despite the controversies surrounding his theories, Spencer's legacy endures, and he remains a pivotal figure in the history of social thought.