Patch Dynamics

Comparing Terrestrial and Marine Ecological Systems.- Summary.- Present Status.- Major Themes.- Why are marine and terrestrial ecology different? Dimensions for comparisons Common issues.- Present Programs.- Options for Action.- Long-term data sets.- Body size, trophic structure, and community dynamics Methods of analysis of community structure Experimental manipulation of ecosystems Disturbance.- Origin and maintenance of diversity Patch dynamics Boundary-layer communities Scaling up and scaling down.- Mechanisms for Action.- II. Methods and Descriptions Overview (Powell).- 1. Introduction to Spatial Statistics.- Spatial Data.- Spatial Heterogeneity versus Spatial Dependence.- Two models of spatial heterogeneity A general model of spatial autocorrelation.- Some Measures of Spatial Autocorrelation.- Join-count statistics.- Moran's I and Geary's c.- Hypothesis testing.- Boundary effects.- Stationarity.- Regionalized variables.- Correlograms and Variograms.- Spatial Effects in Inferential Statistics.- Software for spatial Analysis.- References.- 2. The Spatial Nature of Soil Variability and Its Implications for Field Studies.- Soil-Forming Factors and Their Spatial Nature.- Geostatistical Assumptions.- Semivariograms and Autocorrelograms.- Kriging and Co-Kriging.- Stationarity, Trends and Anisotropy.- Sampling Strategies.- Conclusion.- References.- 3. Phytoplankton Ecological Implications and Observation Methods.- An Example from the Southern Ocean.- Variability as a Resource.- The Fluid Environment.- Scales of variability.- Physiological scale processes.- Observation Methods.- Conclusions.- Acknowledgments.- References.- 4. Measuring the Fate of Patches in the Larval Dispersal.- Importance of the Dynamics of Patches in the Water Column to Benthic Organisms.- Technique for Measuring Mixing and Movement of a Patch of Water.- Examples of Measurements of Water Transport at Wave-Swept Rocky Shores.- Models of the Dynamics of Patches of Larvae.- Conclusion.- Acknowledgments.- References.- 5. Determining Process Through Reality or Fantasy?.- Motivation.- Approach.- Conclusion.- Acknowledgments.- References.- 6. Description and Analysis of Spatial Patterns.- Patches and Patchiness.- Description of a "" The terrestrial concept.- The marine concept.- Sampling.- Analysis Technique, Data Sets, and Examples.- Analyses of time-series and spatial series The autocorrelation function and the spectral density function.- Wavelet analysis.- Multivariate methods.- Empirical orthogonal functions.- Fractal Applications in analysis and description of patch patterns and patch dynamics.- Discussion.- Acknowledgments.- References.- III. Concepts and Models Overview (Steele).- 7. Ecological Interactions in Patchy From Patch-Occupancy Models to Cellular Automata.- Cellular Automata.- CA models and reaction-diffusion models.- CA models and patch-occupancy models.- From ecological interactions to CA models.- CA and Patch-Occupancy Models Compared.- Results.- Extensions of the Basic CA Model.- Disturbance size distributions.- Substrate heterogeneity.- Conclusions.- Acknowledgments.- References.- 8. Spatial Aggregation Arising from Convective Processes.- Thermal Mechanism and Scales III.- Langmuir Mechanism and Scales.- Spatial Aggregation.- A diffusion model for transport across a trapping zone boundary.- The effects of small diffusivity.- Conclusions.- Acknowledgments.- References.- 9. Two-Patch Metapopulation Dynamics.- A Single Patch and Its Environment.- Two-Patch Models.- A simple two-patch model.- Density-independent migration rates.- Density-dependent migration rates.- Correlations Between Fluctuations on Two Patches.- Discussion.- Acknowledgments.- References.- Appendix 1: Stability Analysis for a One-Patch Model.- Appendix 2: Inter-Patch Phase Differences.- 10. Coupling of Circulation and Marine Ecosystem Models.- Historical perspective.- Constructi