Critical Systems Thinking: Directed Readings

This collection of contributions is made necessary by the substantial new developments that have taken place in systems thinking over the last ten years or so. Major efforts in research and development have carefully worked out credible intellectual foundations for systems thinking, including important debates in philosophy and social theory. Key papers and a critical commentary document the changes which have occurred, covering shifts from hard (positivist) to soft (interpretive) to critical systems thinking (based on critical theory).